应试教育已经挽救不了中国
——国人应普及“道德教育”

无论是清朝的文字狱，还是近现代的文化大革命，都对知识分子进行了很大程度的打压和迫害，以至于在改革开放之后又掀起了一股“百年大计，教育为本”的学习之风。在改革开放之前及之初，教师一直是一份非常不受人待见的职业，待遇非常之低姑且不说，甚至一度被人视为“臭老九”。到了八、九十年代，随着国家对教育的逐渐重视，教师的待遇及身份也是逐渐提高。那时，初中毕业后要是能考个师专，从而吃上商品粮，拿个铁饭碗，那也是一件光宗耀祖的大事。在南方，考上的学生请上一个年级的老师、学校领导以及亲属吃饭那也是常有的事，甚至会在村里敲锣打鼓，“到处张扬”。由此可见，教师这一群体是受世人认可的，也是受人尊敬的。在那时，老师确实也是一门心思放在学生的教育上，虽然是应试教育，但是教师的师德至少是纯真的，他们会引导着学生不断进取，会用心感染着每个学生“尊师守纪，善待他人”。
然而，到了二十一世纪，随着经济的“跨越式”式发展，国家所倡导的“以经济建设为中心”逐渐“深入人心”。无论是赋有国家根基的“国企”，还是肩负“普世价值”的学校都发生了根本性的变化。国企在伴随着工人下岗的过程中不知不觉的进行了企业改制，渐渐地成了个别人的企业。而学校的很多优秀教师也经不住国家经济飞速发展的诱惑，大批的下海或者前往深圳、上海、广州等大城市发展。从而导致大批教育人才的流失。在农村，有些小学教师整天沉迷于麻将等赌博活动，对学生缺乏真正的教育，再加上家长外地打工，以至于孩子们很小就沉迷于网络游戏，完全与现实脱节，与道德脱节。有的小孩为了获取上网费用，骗、偷、抢等无所不用，据网上报道，有的小孩为了上网甚至将父母杀害。这不仅是一个家庭的不幸，更是一代人、一个国家之不幸。
虽然在九十年代末就开始倡导素质教育，但是收效甚微。或许，国家将发展经济，摆脱贫困放在了首位，这势必在一定程度上忽略了教育的发展。因为，在GDP逐年以8%以上增长的同时，国民的道德素养却在以近乎20%的速度递减，以至于现在的中国人，只要有利可图，根本无视道德的存在。改革开放三十来年，发展了经济，却使国民道德沦丧。很多政府部门，贪污腐败，老百姓骂声一片，政府信任度也是逐年下降。如：铁道部部长刘志军贪污腐败案，地方一些非法强制拆迁事件，武钢被精神病事件，河南赵作海被故意杀人案件爆出的枉法裁判案件等等。在大学，很多教授们逐渐丧失了师德，沦为金钱的奴隶，什么“当你40岁时，没有4千万身价不要来见我，也别说是我学生。”、什么“女人在被强奸时应主动递上安全套”、而“论文造假”、“雇凶伤人”也是时有发生，甚至在中国的最高学府北京大学也出现了教授“以保送北大之名，行诱奸中学女学生之实”之丑事。在一些企业或小作坊，一些人为了追求利益，视他人的生命健康于不顾。如：地沟油、苏丹红、三聚氰胺、毒大米、瘦肉精、塑化剂等恶性事件层出不穷。甚至连本该是“儒雅之地”的故宫博物馆也出现了瞒报文物受损，私自拍卖馆藏文物之腐败事件。而在一些现实生活中，很多人的道德也是极度沦丧，甚至邪恶。如前不久发生的“药家鑫杀人案”、赛药家鑫的“李昌奎杀人案”、以及“上海轻生女子在众人起哄声中跳下五层楼事件”……确实是不堪回首。
素质教育，或许确实是太宽泛了，很难真正把握，况且从应试教育一路走来的教师们也着实是无法胜任该重担，而且国家在选拔人才时也很难制定一个公平合理的标准。因此，在实际生活中，一直无法摆脱应试教育的影子。在这个大的前提下，笔者认为：应试教育向素质教育的发展必须有个过渡，不然素质教育也就成了一个“口号式”的教育，有其形无其实。基于此，笔者呼吁我国的教育模式应向“应试教育加道德教育的模式”转变，且应该二者并重，或者将道德教育作为优先发展。正所谓“民无道而不立，国无道而不昌”。




作者：北京市博颢律师事务所 徐勇律师


联系电话：18701686873

国务院


国务院办公厅转发劳动部、人事部关于进一步落实外商投资企业用人自主权意见的通知(附英文)
国务院

通 知
劳动部、人事部《关于进一步落实外商投资企业用人自主权的意见》，已经国务院批准。现转发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。

意 见（摘要）
为了改善投资环境，以利于沿海地区经济发展战略的贯彻实施，现就进一步落实外商投资企业用人自主权问题，提出如下意见：
一、外商投资企业需要的工人、专业技术人员和经营管理人员（包括高级管理人员），由企业面向社会公开招聘，也可以从中方合营者推荐的人员中选聘，在本地区招聘职工不能满足需要时，可以跨地区招聘。
二、外商投资企业从在职职工中招聘所需人员时，有关部门和单位应当积极支持，允许流动，不得采用不合理收费、收回住房等手段加以限制。如果原单位无理阻拦，被聘用职工可以提出辞职，辞职后其工龄可连续计算。如有争议，当事人可以向所在地区劳动争议仲裁委员会或当地政
府授权的人才交流服务机构申请仲裁，对仲裁决定，有关各方必须执行。必要时，可以由当地劳动、人事部门直接办理被聘用职工的调转手续。
三、外商投资企业跨省、自治区、直辖市招聘职工，不再报省级劳动、人事部门批准，有关地区的劳动、人事部门要做好组织、协调和服务工作。
四、中方企业同外商合营时，原企业的职工可由合营企业按照需要择优聘用。对未被聘用的人员，中方合营者和企业主管部门要妥善安置，当地政府应积极协助做好调剂工作。
五、外商投资企业按照合同和有关规定辞退职工，任何部门、单位或个人不得干预。对被辞退的职工，原属借调、借聘的，由原单位接收；属于应聘的，到应聘前所在地区的劳动服务公司或人才交流服务机构进行待业登记，可以由有关部门介绍就业、自愿组织起来就业，也可以自谋职
业。
六、对在中外合资经营、合作经营企业担任董事长、董事的中方人员，在任期内不得擅自调动他们的工作，如需调动时，委派单位应征求该企业的审批机构和合营他方的意见。外商投资企业聘用的中方高级管理人员，在其聘用合同期内，未经企业董事会和总经理同意，任何部门和单位
无权调动他们的工作。
七、本《意见》与国务院和原劳动人事部发布的有关条例和规定有抵触的，均按本《意见》执行。
八、各地区和有关部门应当加强宣传教育，使各级领导和广大职工提高认识，确保外商投资企业能够按照国际上通行的办法行使用人自主权。对于违反有关法规和本《意见》以及在招聘、辞退职工中搞不正之风的，应当进行批评教育，情节严重的，应根据实际情况追究法律责任或给予
行政处分。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THEAPPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF THE PROPOSALS SUBMITTED BY THE MINISTRY OFLABOURAND THE MINISTRY OF PERSONNEL CONCERNING FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE POLICY OF GRANTING DECI
SION-MAKING POWER TO ENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGNINVESTMENT F

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE
APPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF THE PROPOSALS SUBMITTED BY THE MINISTRY OF
LABOUR AND THE MINISTRY OF PERSONNEL CONCERNING FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE POLICY OF GRANTING DECISION-MAKING POWER TO ENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN
INVESTMENT FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF WORKING PERSONNEL
(May 5, 1988)
The report entitled "Proposals Concerning Further Implementation of the
Policy of Granting Decision-Making Power to Enterprises with Foreign
Investment for the Employment of Working Personnel" submitted by the
Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Personnel has been approved by the
State Council. The Report is hereby transmitted to you for earnest
implementation.
PROPOSALS OF THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND THE MINISTRY OF PERSONNEL
CONCERNING FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY OF GRANTING DECISION-
MAKING POWER TO ENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF
WORKING PERSONNEL
(Excerpts)
In order to improve the investment environment to facilitate the
implementation of the strategy for the economic development in the coastal
areas, the following proposals are hereby made on further implementation
of the policy of granting decision-making power to enterprises with
foreign investment for the employment of working personnel:
(1) Workers, technical personnel and administrative personnel (including
senior administrative personnel) needed by enterprises with foreign
investment may be employed by the enterprises openly from society; the
enterprises may also select and employ their working personnel from among
the personnel recommended by the Chinese joint venturers, their business
partners. If the personnel employed from the local area cannot satisfy the
needs of the enterprises, working personnel may be employed trans-
regionally.

(2) In case that enterprises with foreign investment wish to employ
working personnel from among workers and staff members on job, the
departments and units concerned should give their active support and
permit their working personnel to leave. The aforesaid departments and
units should not impose any restrictions by charging payments or by taking
back rooms or houses. In case that the original unit attempts to obstruct
without any justification, workers or staff members who are employed by
the aforesaid enterprises may resign. After resignation, their years of
service shall still be counted without interruption. If any disputes
arise, the person concerned may apply to the labour dispute arbitration
committee in the local area, or to the service center for the exchange of
personnel authorized by the local government for arbitration. All parties
concerned must execute the arbitral award. If necessary, the transfer
formalities may be performed on behalf of the engaged workers and staff
members directly by the local labour or personnel departments.
(3) In case that enterprises with foreign investment go beyond the
province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central
Government to employ workers and staff members, it is no longer necessary
for them to submit their applications to the provincial department of
labour or personnel for approval; the labour or personnel departments of
the areas concerned should strive to do their organizational, coordinative
and service work well.
(4) When a Chinese enterprise establishes a joint venture with foreign
businessmen, the joint venture may select and employ the workers and staff
members of the original Chinese enterprise according to needs. The Chinese
side of the joint venture and the competent authorities over the joint
venture shall make proper arrangements for the placement of those workers
and staff members who are not employed; and the local government shall
take an active part in assisting the department concerned to do the
personnel regulation work.

(5) In the case that an enterprise with foreign investment dismisses
workers and staff members in accordance with the contract and relevant
provisions, no departments, units or individuals shall interfere. Of the
dismissed workers and staff members, those who were on loan or temporarily
employed shall be reaccepted by their original unit of work and those who
were directly hired by the joint venture shall register for a new job with
the local labour service company or the service center for the exchange of
personnel at their original place or be offered a new post through the
introduction of a department concerned, or organize themselves for self-
employment, or look for a job themselves.
(6) The Chinese personnel, who hold the position of chairman of the board
of directors or directors in a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or in
a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture, shall not be transferred
during their terms of office without authorization. If the transfer is
necessary, the appointing unit shall solicit the opinions of the examining
and approving organ of the said enterprise and of the foreign side of the
joint venture. No departments and units have the right to transfer senior
Chinese administrative personnel employed by an enterprise with foreign
investment, during their terms of office as stipulated in the contract, to
other positions without the consent of the said enterprise's board of
directors and of the general manager.
(7) If there is any conflict between these Proposals and the pertinent
regulations and provisions promulgated by the State Council and the former
Ministry of Labour and
Personnel, these Proposals shall prevail.
(8) Various areas and departments concerned should strengthen publicity
and education among the leading cadres at various levels and the broad
masses of workers and staff members for their better understanding of the
matter and ensure that enterprises with foreign investment can exercise
their decision-making power in selecting and employing working personnel
in accordance with the practice prevalent in the world. Those who violate
the pertinent laws and regulations and these Proposals, and use dishonest
methods or devious means in handling cases concerning the employment or
dismissal of workers and staff members, shall be criticized and
admonished. If the cases are serious, investigations shall be conducted
into the legal responsibilities of the persons concerned or disciplinary
sanctions shall be given to them, in accordance with the actual
circumstances.



1988年4月25日